WHAT ARE THE DIFFERENT TYPES OF ROBOTIC DEVICES AVAILABLE IN THE FIELD OF PHYSICAL MEDICINE AND REHABILITATION ?
OR
WRITE A NOTE ON REHABILITATION ROBOTICS ?
A 12 INTRODUCTION
Use of robotics - Also kn as Rehabilitation robotics
DEFINITION
1 Rehabilitation robotics is a field of research dedicated to understanding and augmenting rehabilitation through the application of robotic devices.
2 Rehabilitation robotics includes -
A ) development of robotic devices tailored for assisting different sensorimotor functions (e.g. arm, hand,leg, ankle)
B ) development of different schemes of assisting therapeutic training and
C ) assessment of sensorimotor performance (ability to move) of patient
3 Rehabilitation using robotics is generally well tolerated by patients, and has been found to be an effective adjunct to therapy in individuals suffering from motor impairments, especially due to stroke.
4 Rehabilitation robotics can be considered a specific focus of biomedical engineering, and a part of human-robot interaction.
5 Rehabilitation robots are designed with applications of techniques that determine the adaptability level of the patient.
CLASSIFICATION
four types -
A ) augmentative manipulation (wheelchairs, workstation, power-feeder, mobile robots, robotic orthoses, and robotic room)
B ) augmentative mobility (robotic wheelchairs, mobility aids for visually impaired people, and walking support systems for the elderly)
C ) therapy robots and
D ) robots for help care-givers
MECHANISM / MODE OF ACTION
1 attempts to leverage the principles of neuroplasticity by improving quality of movement, and increasing the intensity and repetition of the task
2 Has 5 types of action based upon the adaptability level of the patient - performance based progressive algorithm
A ) The responsive software allows the robot to alter the amount of assistance it provides, based on the patient’s speed and timing of movement.
B ) This allows for a more personalized treatment session without the need for constant therapist interaction )
Techniques include
A ) active assisted exercise -
In active assisted exercise, the patient moves his or her hand in a predetermined pathway without any force pushing against it
B ) active constrained exercise -
Active constrained exercise is the movement of the patient’s arm with an opposing force; if it tries to move outside of what it is supposed to.
C ) active resistive exercise - Active resistive exercise is the movement with opposing force
These machines MIT-Manus, Bi-Manu-Track and MIME make the active resistive exercise possible.
D ) passive exercise - Passive exercise needs to be pushed from the patient
and
E ) adaptive exercise -
Finally, an adaptive exercise is an excessive workout that the robot has never done and is adapting to the new unknown pathway.
These devices Bi-ManuTrack and MIME support the adaptive exercise possible. The active constrained exercise is supported by all the machines that are mentioned
3 The vertical, anti-gravity setting - is particularly useful for improving shoulder and elbow function.
ADVANTAGES
1 REPITITION IS THE KEY - provides multiple and effective repititions
2 MEASUREMENT - PRE AND POST can be taken earlier
3 No excessive physical work
DIFFERENT TYPES OF REHABILITATION ROBOTICS
A ) FOR UPPER EXTREMITY ( HAND )
1 ROBOTIC HAND -
A ) The robotic hand is controlled by EMG signals in the forearm muscles, meaning that patients can move their hand using only their brain.
B ) The device also has a continuous passive motion mode, where the actions of hand opening and closing are done involuntarily
2 AMADEO -
A ) The hand rehabilitation robot called AMADEO offers a range of rehabilitation strategies including passive, assistive, ROM, force and haptic training.
B ) FOR UPPER EXTREMITY ( ARM )
1 DIEGO
A ) The arm rehabilitation robot called DIEGO offers bilateral arm therapy including assistive force for weight reduction and full 3D tracking of the arm movement for augemented feedback training in a virtual reality environment.
2 IN MOTION2
A ) allows participates to practice reaching movement in horizontal plane with a reduction of gravity.
B ) The motions that are performed require shoulder flexion and extension and external rotation.
C ) It is very easy to set up the usage of this robot.
D ) The procedure of using this robot is the following -
1 The participant sits down at a desk and places her or his into a trough.
2 Then the participants’ looks at a computer screen and try to reach out for the target.
3 As you are reaching out for the target the device gives guidance so that your therapy can be successful.
C ) FOR LOWER EXTREMITY
1 HIP BOT -
A ) The Hipbot is a robot used in patients with limited mobility.
B ) The hip is an important joint in the human body, it supports our weight and allows the movement and statically position.
C ) When people suffer a fracture by an accident or have problems in this location, need to improve a rehabilitation process.
1 This robot helps in this cases, because it combines movements of abduction/adduction and flexion/extension that help the patients to restore their mobility.
2 The robot has 5 degree of freedom mechanism necessary to all positions for the rehab, it is controlled by a PID controller and can be used for both legs ( v imp ).
2 Exoskeleton limbs -
A ) Tibion Bionic Leg
B ) the Myomo Neuro-robotic System, MRISAR’s STRAC (Symbiotic Terrain Robotic Assist Chair) and
C ) the Berkeley Bionics eLegs
D ) enhanced treadmills such as Hocoma’s Lokomat
D ) For improving balance , walking and other motor functions - VIRTUAL REALITY BASED REHABILITATION
SUCH AS -
A ) Multiple sclerosis
B ) TBI
C ) SCI
3 ANKLE - RUTZER ANKLE