Q-1. Amifostine is
a) Radio-sensitizer
b) Radio-protector
c) Radio-modifier
d) Radio-mimetic
Answer: Radio-protector
Explanation:
Amifostine is a cyto-protective adjuvant used in cancer chemotherapy and radiotherapy involving DNA-binding chemotherapeutic agents.
Inside cells, Amifostine detoxifies reactive metabolites of platinum and alkylating agents, as well as scavenges free radicals.
Other possible effects include accelerated DNA repair, induction of cellular hypoxia, inhibition of apoptosis, alteration of gene expression and modification of enzyme activity.
Q-2. “Bracket Calcification” on Skull X-Ray is seen in
a) Tuberous Sclerosis
b) Sturge Webe Syndrome
c) Lipoma of corpus callosum
d) Meningioma
Answer: Lipoma of corpus callosum
Explanation:
Condition—————————-Specific calcification
- Lipoma of corpus callosum– Bracket Calcification
- Toxoplasmosis— Multiple flecks of calcification
- CMV——- Peri-ventricular calcification
- Sturge Webe Syndrome– Tramline calcification
Q-3. Maximum Radiation exposure occurs in
a) Bone Scan
b) CT Scan
c) X-ray
d) MRI
Answer: CT scan
Explanation:
Procedure———–Exposures in mSv
X-ray chest PA——0.02
CT Head————–2
CT Chest————–7
CT Abdomen———8
Bone scan————4
Q-4. Non-Iodine containing Contrast is
a) Gadolinium DTPA
b) Visipaque
c) Iohexanol
d) Diatrozoate
Answer: Gadolinium DTPA
Explanation:
Gadolinium DTPA is common agent for MRI. It contains paramagnetic metal ions Gadolinium and not iodine.
Iodine in contrast agents provide radio-opacity needed for visualization of structures on X-ray or CT.
Iodine is the only element that has proved satisfactory for general use as an intra-vascular radiological contrast media.
Q-5. Stereotactic Radiotherapy is used in
a) Miliary Lung Metastasis
b) Inoperable Stage 1 Lung Tumor
c) Lymphangitis Carcinomatosa
d) Tumor at the base of tongue with new lymph node enlargement
Answer: Inoperable Stage 1 Lung Tumor
Explanation:
Stereotactic radiation therapy is a type of external radiation therapy that uses special equipment to position the patient and precisely deliver radiation to a tumor.
The total dose of radiation is divided into several smaller doses given over several days.
Stereotactic radiation therapy is used to treat brain tumors and other brain disorders. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer, such as lung cancer.
Stereotactic radio-surgery was once limited to brain tumors, but today it may be used to treat many other diseases and conditions.
Brain and nervous system tumors:
Brain metastases
Acoustic neuroma and other head and neck (nasopharyngeal) cancers
Pituitary tumors
Spinal cord tumors
Cancer of the eye (uveal melanoma)
Other conditions:
Blood vessel problems such as arteriovenous malformations
Movement disorders
Parkinson’s disease
Some types of epilepsy
Trigeminal neuralgia, which causes severe face pain
Other cancers for which radio-surgery is either being used or studied include:
Liver cancer
Lung cancer (Single or limited metastases to the lung and stage I and II non-small cell lung cancer or patients who medically inoperable or refuse surgery)
Prostate cancer
Q-6. Most reliable test for diagnosis of spinal TB is
a) MRI
b) PPD
c) X ray spine
d) CT guided biopsy
Answer: CT guided biopsy
Explanation:
MRI is the investigation of choice as it sensitivity detects the bony lesions, IV disc involvement, extension of abscess and spinal cord.
CT guided biopsy is recommended, especially for confirming spinal diseases.
Q-7. A child was taken for CECT chest and contrast was injected: child had swelling which gradually increased. There is numbness. There is pain on passive extension of fingers. He is not allowing you to touch the arm. Pulse was present. What will you do?
a) High dose prednisolone
b) Arterial thrombectomy
c) Immediate fasciotomy
d) Anti-histaminics/Anticoagulants
Answer: Immediate fasciotomy
Explanation:
Contrast extra-vasation is the accidental extra-vascular injection of intravascular contrast media caused by dislodgment of the cannula, contrast leakage from the vessel puncture site, or rupture of the vessel wall.
However, severe skin necrosis, ulceration and compartment syndrome may occur with extra-vasation of large volumes.
Finding of a compartment syndrome:
A swollen, palpably tense compartment
Increased compartment pressure
Pain with passive stretch of the muscles of the involved compartment
Paresis or weakness of the muscles of the involved compartment
Paresthesias are common when ischemia of the nerves of the involved compartments
Intact peripheral pulse
Management of contrast extra-vasation:
As soon as an extra-vasation is detected, the contrast infusion should be stopped immediately, the catheter removed. The affected extremity should be elevated above the heart and cold compresses applied topically.
The treatment of choice for acute compartment syndrome is early adequate decompressive fasciotomy.