Q-41. Prevalence of cataract at one point of time can be determined by
a) Longitudinal study
b) Cross-sectional study
c) Surveillance
d) Cohort study
Answer: Cross-sectional study
Explanation:
A cross-sectional study or prevalence study is a type of observational study that involves the analysis of data collected from a population, or a representative subset, at one specific point in time—that is, cross-sectional data.
Cross-sectional studies involve data collected at a defined time. They are often used to assess the prevalence of disease.
Q-42. License to blood is given by
a) Drugs Controller General of India
b) Director General of Health Services
c) Director General, Indian Council of Medical Research
d) Director General Blood Bank Services
Answer: Drugs Controller General of India
Explanation:
In order to improve the standards of Blood and its components, the Central Govt. through Drugs Controller General of India, has formulated a comprehensive legislation to ensure better quality control system on collection, storage, testing and distribution of blood and its components.
The licenses of Blood Banks, Blood components & Blood Products large volume Parenterals, Sera and Vaccines are issued by the State Licensing Authority only after their approval by the Central License Approving Authority i.e. The Drugs Controller General India New Delhi.
Q-43. Association can be measured by all of the following except
a) Correlation coefficient
b) Cronbach’s alpha
c) P value
d) Odds ratio
Answer: Cronbach’s alpha
Explanation:
Cronbach’s alpha is a measure of internal consistency, that is, how closely related a set of items are as a group. It is considered to be a measure of scale reliability.
Q-44. Targeted intervention for HIV is done for all except
a) Commercial sex worker
b) Migrant laborers
c) Street children
d) Industrial worker
Answer: Industrial worker
Explanation:
Targeted interventions are a resource-effective way to implement HIV prevention and care programmes in settings with low-level and concentrated HIV epidemics.
They are also a cost-effective method of reaching people who are most at risk in more generalized epidemics.
Targeted interventions are aimed at offering prevention and care services to high risk populations (Commercial sex worker, migrant laborers, street children and injecting drug users- IDUs) within communities by providing them with the information, means and skills they need to minimize HIV transmission and improving their access to care, support and treatment services.
Q-44. WHO stage IV HIV includes all except
a) Toxoplasmosis
b) Pneumocystis carinii
c) HIV wasting syndrome
d) Oral thrush
Answer: Oral thrush
Explanation:
Revised who clinical staging of HIV/AIDS for adults and adolescents:
Primary HIV infection:
Asymptomatic
Acute retroviral syndrome
Clinical stage 1:
Asymptomatic
Persistent generalized lymphadenopathy (PGL)
Clinical stage 2:
Moderate unexplained weight loss (<10% of presumed or measured body weight)
Recurrent respiratory tract infections (RTIs, sinusitis, bronchitis, otitis media, pharyngitis)
Herpes zoster
Angular cheilitis
Recurrent oral ulcerations
Papular pruritic eruptions
Seborrhoeic dermatitis
Fungal nail infections of fingers
Clinical stage 3:
Severe weight loss (>10% of presumed or measured body weight)
Unexplained chronic diarrhoea for longer than one month
Unexplained persistent fever (intermittent or constant for longer than one month)
Oral candidiasis
Oral hairy leukoplakia
Pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) diagnosed in last two years
Severe presumed bacterial infections (e.g. pneumonia, empyema, pyomyositis, bone or joint infection, meningitis, bacteremia)
Acute necrotizing ulcerative stomatitis, gingivitis or periodontitis
Clinical stage 4:
HIV wasting syndrome
Pneumocystis pneumonia
Recurrent severe or radiological bacterial pneumonia
Chronic herpes simplex infection (orolabial, genital or ano-rectal of more than one month’s duration)
Esophageal candidiasis
Extra-pulmonary TB
Kaposi’s sarcoma
Central nervous system (CNS) toxoplasmosis
HIV encephalopathy
Q-45. Safe disposal of mercury is
a) Collect carefully and recycle
b) Controlled combustion
c) Treatment with chemicals
d) Deep burial
Answer: Collect carefully and recycle
Explanation:
Mercury-containing items should be treated as hazardous materials and should not be thrown in the garbage and liquid mercury should never be poured down the drain.
All mercury-containing items should be recycled.
Q-46. WHO STEPS is used for
a) Communicable diseases
b) Non- communicable diseases
c) Immune- deficient diseases
d) Autoimmune diseases
Answer: Non- communicable diseases
Explanation:
The WHO STEP-wise approach to Surveillance of NCD (Non-communicable diseases) Risk Factors (STEPS) was developed by WHO as part of a global surveillance strategy in response to the growing need for country-level trends in non-communicable diseases.
The approach encourages the collection of small amounts of useful data information on a regular and continuing basis.
It focuses on a minimum number of risk factors that predict the major non-communicable diseases.
Q-47. About NPCB all are true except
a) Increase cataract surgery rate to 450 operations per lakh population
b) Intra- ocular lens implantation in more than 80 percent cataract surgery cases
c) 100% coverage of vitamin A prophylaxis doses from 9 months to 3 years of age
d) Development of 50 pediatric ophthalmic units
Answer: 100% coverage of vitamin A prophylaxis doses from 9 months to 3 years of age
Explanation:
Q-48. According to CDC recommendations HIV screening of pregnant women is
a) Opt in testing
b) Opt out testing
c) Compulsory
d) Symptomatic
Answer: Opt out testing
Explanation:
In the 2006 Revised Recommendations for HIV Testing of Adults, Adolescents, and Pregnant Women in Health-Care Settings, CDC recommended the opt-out approach to testing for all adult and adolescent patients in health-care settings, including pregnant women.
CDC recommended Universal “opt-out” HIV testing for all pregnant women early in every pregnancy.
There are two different ways to approach pregnant women about HIV testing:
Opt-in:
Pregnant women are given pre-HIV test counseling.
They must agree to receive an HIV test, usually in writing.
Opt-out:
Pregnant women are told that an HIV test will be included in the standard group of prenatal tests, and that they may decline the test.
Unless they decline, they will receive an HIV test.
Q-49. Putting profit ahead of health as a cause of disease is provided by which theory of sociology
a) Feminist
b) Parsonian
c) Marxist
d) Foucauldian
Answer: Marxist
Explanation:
Marxist:
Model of Society: Conflictual and exploitative
Cause of Disease: Putting profit ahead of health
Role of the Medical Profession: To discipline and control the working class; and provide individualized explanations of disease
Q-50. True about confounding factor
a) It is found equally between study and the control groups
b) It is itself a risk factor for the disease
c) Confounding can be eliminated by selecting a small group
d) It is associated with either the exposure or the disease
Answer: It is itself a risk factor for the disease
Explanation:
Confounding factor:
It is defined as one which is associated with both the exposure and the disease and distributed unequally in study and control groups.
It is itself a risk factor for the disease