Rx of allergic rhinitis includes avoidance of the stimuli, pharmacologic agents, and immunotherapy. Avoidance of the offending antigen(s) is an important step but unfortunately it is often not practical. Pharmacotherapy includes antihistamines (topical or systemic), topical corticosteroids, cromolyn sodium (stabilizes mast cell membrane), and sympathomimetics. Immunotherapy may beneficial in selected patients.
First-line medical Rx for mild disease includes oral or nasal antihistamines.
1.The perception of vertical acceleration is disrupted
2.The K+ concentration in endolymph is decreased
3.The K+ concerntration in perilymph is decreased
4.The affected hair cells fails to shorten when exposed to sound
sol:
-
The inner hair cells are the primary sensory cells that generate action potentials in the auditory nerves, and presumably they are stimulated by the fluid movements noted above.
-
The outer hair cells, on the other hand, have a different function. These respond to sound, like the inner hair cells, but depolarization makes them shorten and hyperpolarization makes them lengthen.
-
They do this over a very flexible part of the basal membrane, and this action somehow increases the amplitude and clarity of sounds (tuning of cochlea).
-
These changes in outer hair cells occur in parallel with changes in presenting, a membrane protein, and this protein may well be the motor protein of outer hair cells.
-
The outer hair cells receive cholinergic innervation via an efferent component of the auditory nerve, and acetylcholine hyperpol
-
arizes the cells. However, the physiologic function of this innervation is unknown.