Atypical Ductal and Lobular Hyperplasia of breast
What is the cancer risk for Atypical ductal hyperplasia?
What is the cancer risk for Atypical lobular hyperplasia?
What is the management if Atypical hyperplasia is found after surgery?
What is the management if Atypical hyperplasia is found after core needle biopsy?
WHAT IS POLAND’S SYNDROME?
Poland’s syndrome consists of hypoplasia or complete absence of the breast, costal cartilage and rib defects, hypoplasia of the subcutaneous tissues of the chest wall, and brachysyndactyly.
The cause of Poland syndrome is unknown. However, an interruption of the embryonic blood supply to the arteries that lie under the collarbone (subclavian arteries) at about the 46th day of embryonic development is the prevailing theory.
Image above shows a 15-year-old girl with Poland’s syndrome of left breast. A, With shoulder girdle musculature actively contracted. B, There is accentuation of the left hypoplastic breast. There is absence of the sternal head of the pectoralis major although the clavicular head is present. (Image Courtesy of Dr. Hollis H. Caffee, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL.)