Q-31. All of the following are true about standard error of mean except
a) Based on normal distribution
b) It depends on standard deviation of mean
c) As the sample size increases standard error will also increase
d) Used to estimate confidence limit
Answer: As the sample size increases standard error will also increase
Explanation:
The standard error is equal to the standard deviation divided by the square root of the sample size, n.
This shows that the larger the sample size, the smaller the standard error.
The standard error of the mean can provide a rough estimate of the interval in which the population mean is likely to fall.
Used to estimate confidence limit
Q-32. Specificity of test refers to its ability to detect
a) True positives
b) True negatives
c) False positives
d) False negatives
Answer: True negatives
Explanation:
Sensitivity is the ability of a test to correctly classify an individual as ′diseased′
The ability of a test to correctly classify an individual as disease- free is called the test′s specificity.
Q-33. False about Japanese encephalitis is
a) Transmitted by Culex mosquitoes
b) Overhead tanks serve as breeding site
c) Pigs are amplifiers
d) Primary dose of vaccine consists of two doses
Answer: Overhead tanks serve as breeding site
Explanation:
JEV is transmitted to humans via the bite of infected Culex mosquitoes.
They prefer to bite outdoors and are extremely active in the evening and night, when the risk of infection is greatest.
Mosquitoes breed in collections of water (typically rice paddies), increasing the risk of infection in rural areas.
Humans and other mammals (eg, horses) are end hosts (low-grade, short-term viremia).
Pigs and aquatic birds (eg, egrets, herons) serve as amplifying hosts. They develop persistent, high-grade viremia and represent the main vertebrate hosts as the principal reservoir for the virus.
Japanese encephalitis vaccines that have been used worldwide include
Inactivated mouse brain vaccine
Inactivated primary hamster kidney cell vaccine
Live attenuated primary hamster kidney cell vaccine
All of them have been based on Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) genotype III but are cross-protective against the other genotypes.
Inactivated mouse brain vaccine:
The primary two doses are administered 4 weeks apart. A booster dose is recommended 1 year after the primary immunization subsequently at 3 years intervals until age of 10-15 years.
Live attenuated vaccine (SA-14-14-2):
Single dose followed by single booster dose given at an interval of about one year. This vaccine is integral part of Universal Immunization Program in endemic districts.
Q-34. Reliability of screening test refers to
a) Accurately measures what it is supposed to measure
b) Gives same values even on repeated testing
c) The extent to which the observer can go in finding the result
d) Depends on knowledge of the observer
Answer: Gives same values even on repeated testing
Explanation:
Reproducibility, repeatability, reliability of Diagnostic Test and Screening Test all mean that the results of a test or measure are identical or closely similar each time it is conducted.
Q-35. Disposal method of outdated cytotoxic drugs is
a) Autoclave
b) Destruction and dumping in a secure landfill
c) Disposal in municipal waste
d) Preserve for 10 years and landfill
Answer: Destruction and dumping in a secure landfill
Explanation:
Disposal of discarded medications and cytotoxic drugs:
Incineration, destruction and drug disposal in secured landfills
Q-36. Recall bias is most commonly associated with which study design
a) Cohort study
b) Case control study
c) Cross- sectional study
d) Randomized controlled trial
Answer: Case control study
Explanation:
Recall bias can be defined as a measurement error characterized by differences in the accuracy of subject recall or report across compared groups.
It can be caused by involuntary or voluntary underreporting of information by subjects in one group, over-reporting by subjects in the other, or both.
Recall bias distorts the measure of association between exposure and disease by any magnitude and direction, and this distortion may be difficult to predict.
Recall bias is of particular concern in case-control studies in which questionnaire data are used; the disease has already occurred when exposure information is obtained from the subjects, and exposure often took place a long time ago.
Bias associated with case control study:
Selection
Confounding
Recall bias
Berkesonian bias
Interviewer’s bias
Q-37. Inner subjective thought of a person towards an individual or situation is best termed as
a) Attitude
b) Value
c) Belief
d) Opinion
Answer: Attitude
Explanation:
An attitude is an expression of favor or disfavor toward a person, place, thing, or event. An attitude can be as a positive or negative evaluation of people, objects, events, activities, and ideas.
Q-38. A temporary, provisional view held by the people on a point of view is
a) Opinion
b) Practice
c) Attitude
d) Belief
Answer: Opinion
Explanation:
Opinions are a personal belief or judgment that is not founded on proof or certainty.
Opinions are a person’s ideas and thoughts towards something. Opinions are provisional and temporary.
Q-39. Most common mode of lead poisoning
a) Ingestion
b) Dermally
c) Inhalation
d) None
Answer: Inhalation
Explanation:
Lead poisoning:
Inhalation- The most significant lead exposure in adults usually occurs at the workplace.
Ingestion- Through contaminated hands
Skin- Organic lead is absorbed dermally
Q-40. Which of the following is not transmitted by lice?
a) Trench fever
b) Relapsing fever
c) Q fever
d) Epidemic typhus
Answer: Q fever
Explanation:
Diseases transmitted by lice:
Relapsing fever
Trench fever
Epidemic typhus
Pediculosis
Diseases transmitted by soft ticks:
Q- Fever
Relapsing fever