Q-101. Kala-azar is transmitted by
a) Reduvid bug
b) Sand fly
c) Tsetse fly
d) Mosquito
Answer: Sand fly
Explanation:
Visceral leishmaniasis- Sand Fly (Phlebotomine argentipes)
Cutaneous leishmaniasis- Sand Fly (Phlebotomine papatasi and sergenti)
Q-102. Dietary reference intake recommendations include
a) Recommended dietary allowances
b) Adequate intake
c) Upper tolerable level
d) Food based dietary advice
Answer: Food based dietary advice
Explanation:
Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA):
Average daily level of intake sufficient to meet the nutrient requirements of nearly all (97%-98%) healthy people
Adequate Intake (AI):
Established when evidence is insufficient to develop an RDA and is set at a level assumed to ensure nutritional adequacy.
Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL):
Maximum daily intake unlikely to cause adverse health effects
Q-103. Toxins responsible for epidemic dropsy
a) Sanguinarine
b) BOAA
c) Pyrrolizidine alkaloids
d) Aflatoxin
Answer: Sanguinarine
Explanation:
Food born diseases and toxins:
Lathyrism- Beta Oxatyl Amino Alanine found in Lathyrus sativa
Epidemic dropsy- Sanguinarine found in Argemone oil
Epidemic ascites: Pyrrolizidine alkaloid in Crotalaria.
Q-104. In an epidemiological study the first case which comes to the attention of the investigator is
a) Reference case
b) Index case
c) Primary case
d) Secondary case
Answer: Index case
Explanation:
The term primary case can only apply to infectious diseases that spread from human to human and refer to the person who first brings a disease into a group of people
The index case, however, is the patient in an outbreak who is first noticed by the health authorities, and who makes them aware that an outbreak might be emerging.
Q-105. In a population of 10,000 people the prevalence of disease is 20%. The sensitivity of a screening test is 95% and specificity is 80%. The positive predictive value of the test would be
a) 15.3%
b) 45.7%
c) 54.3%
d) 98.5%
Answer: 54.3%
Explanation:
Positive predictive value
= Sensitivity x prevalence/ Sensitivity x prevalence + (1 – specificity) x (1- Prevalence)
Q-106. Which of the following statements about vaccines is false?
a) Thiomersal is preservative in DPT vaccine
b) Magnesium chloride is stabilizer used in OPV
c) Kanamycin is preservative in measles
d) Neomycin is preservative in BCG vaccine
Answer: Neomycin is preservative in BCG vaccine
Explanation:
Certain antibiotics may be used in some vaccine production to help prevent bacterial contamination during manufacturing.
Antibiotics used during vaccine manufacture include neomycin, Polymyxin-B, streptomycin and gentamycin.
Important point:
Neomycin is used as preservative in measles, mumps, MMR, varicella and polio virus vaccines.
Q-107. Fish is deficient in which of the following nutrients
a) Iodine
b) Vitamin A
c) Iron
d) Phosphorus
Answer: Iron
Explanation:
Fish is a rich source of protein (15-25%), unsaturated fatty acids & Vit-A & D.
Fish bones when eaten are a good source of Calcium, Phosphorus & fluorides.
In addition, sea fish is rich in iodine but fresh water fish do not contain iodine.
Fish are less rich in Fe and contain practically no carbohydrate.
Q-108. False about Indian reference female is
a) Age 20-39 yrs
b) Weighs 55 kg
c) Walking or other activities for 2 hrs daily
d) 8 hrs of moderate or active work
Answer: Weighs 55 kg
Explanation:
Indian reference female:
Age: 20-39 years
Weight: 50 kg
Daily activities: 8 hours in general household work
Protein allowance: 1 gm/day
Fat intake: 20 gm/day
Energy requirement:
Light work- 1875 kcal/day
Moderate work- 2225 kcal/day
Heavy work- 2925 kcal/day
Indian reference male:
Age: 20-39 years
Weight: 60 kg
Daily activities: 8 hours in occupation of moderate activity
Protein allowance: 1 gm/day
Fat intake: 20 gm/day
Energy requirement:
Light work- 2425 kcal/day
Moderate work- 2875 kcal/day
Heavy work- 3800 kcal/day
Q-109. True about cluster sampling are all except
a) Sample size is same as that of simple random sampling
b) It is a two stage sampling
c) It is cheaper than other methods of sampling
d) It has the disadvantage of higher sampling error
Answer: Sample size is same as that of simple random sampling
Explanation:
Two types of cluster sampling methods:
One-stage sampling- All of the elements within selected clusters are included in the sample.
Two-stage sampling- A subset of elements within selected clusters is randomly selected for inclusion in the sample.
Advantage and disadvantage of cluster sampling:
Data collection is simpler and involves less times and cost than in other sampling techniques.
Cluster sampling gives a high standard error.
Important point:
Cluster sampling is most often used to evaluate vaccination coverage in vaccination programme.
Q-110. Incidence can be calculated by
a) Prospective study
b) Retrospective study
c) Case washing
d) Cross sectional study
Answer: Prospective study
Explanation:
study:
It is also known as prospective study, longitudinal study, incidence study and forward looking study.
Advantages:
Incidence can be calculated.
Several possible outcomes related to exposure can be studied simultaneously.
It provides a direct estimate of relative risk.
Dose response ration can also be calculated.