A 67-year-old man had a long history of hypertension, now controlled with angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor and diuretic therapy. The ulcer shown here developed on the lateral anterior shin and was extremely painful. Each of the following may be indicated in the care of this ulcer except:
a. Narcotic pain control
b. Smoking cessation
c. Excision
d. Addition of a β-adrenergic blocker to the antihypertensive regimen
e. Skin grafting